Foreignness and Localness in Alexandria, 1880-1914
The point of departure for this dissertation is an intriguing and unexploited body of sources: the British and French consular court records of late nineteenth and early twentieth century Alexandria. Consular courts held jurisdiction in all criminal (and some civil and commercial) proceedings against subjects and proteges of Western states. In the decades following the 1882 British occupation of Egypt, consular justice operated in concert with local police, the Native Courts, religious courts, the consular courts of other foreign powers, and the international Mixed Courts in a complex web of overlapping jurisdictions. The preliminary objective of the dissertation is to reconstruct the practice of three institutions whose history has not yet been written: the local (Egyptian) police, the consulates, and their extraterritorial courts. Its broader aim is to use documents produced by these courts to describe a social world whose character has often been surmised but rarely defined. The conventional image of cosmopolitan Alexandria privileges the experience of a small, wealthy elite, but neglects the majority of the city's population: locals, subjects of European empires (notably Maltese, Algerians, and Tunisians), and poor Europeans, for whom language, literacy, residence, and other boundaries of social practice were more important than nationality. In the years before World War One, however, administrators invoked nationality with ever-increasing frequency to identify Alexandrians and measure their status. Meanwhile, foreign and local supplicants before the consular courts learned to deploy the ironies and inconsistencies of foreign protection. This project is not a legal study or a local history of Alexandria. Instead, it aims to demythologize turn-of-the-century social structures on three levels: the urban society of Alexandria, the putative proto-national community of Egypt, and the imperial contest of West and Orient.