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The present text was envisioned as a supplement to eXlstmg texts on human neuropathology, covering only those aspects of pediatric neuropathol ogy which pertain to and are peculiar of the immature nervous system. No coverage-or only brief comment-is given to diseases commonly found in adults which may, on occasion, occur in childhood or infancy as well. The subject matter is divided into three main categories: 1. The "acquired" lesions dating to the fetal, perinatal or early postnatal periods, 2. the malformations, and 3. the heritable metabolic defects. The first 6 chapters (2-7) are reserved to the lesions most intimately linked to the circumstances of birth. There is some inherent ambiguity in distinguishing between "acquired" lesions and malformations, as, indeed, no sharp distinction can be made between one and the other. Many malformations result from diseases acquired during fetal life and their peculiarity resides in the fact that the organ becomes affected before its development terminates and in such a way that its subsequent development becomes deranged or partly abrogated. A variety of causes acting at the same developmental period or over a common pathogenetic mechanism may produce the same type of derangement, including chemical, physical, infectious or genetic factors, as pointed out repeatedly in the text. Consequently, the definition of a malformation, as differing from an "acquired" residual lesion was made dependant on evidence for the derangement of developmental pro cesses subsequent to the acquisition of the disease.

I was gratified by the most favorable reception and wide usage received by the first edition of this book. A decade seems to be a short period for a book on pathology, and yet it witnessed many important changes of concepts, along with a formidable growth of knowledge. The second edition required extensive reorganization. There are new chapters on mitochondriopathies, on peroxisomal diseases and on spongy myelino pathies. Major revisions and new additions were necessary in many chapters, for instance those on the dysplasias of the cerebral and of the cerebellar hemispheres, which were largely reorganized. The chapters on perinatal pathology were reordered and reorganized to give a more logical sequence of prenatal, perinatal and postnatal lesions. The entire text was worked over for brevity. A wealth of new references was added with the. aim of staying abreast with the literature up to summer 1988. All refer ences were double checked for errors. My gratitude goes to Mrs. Gisela Ropte and Mrs. Cynthia Bunker for their untiring, diligent help. As a result, this second edition is an essentially rewritten text. Advance in the prevention of human suffering is based on a thorough understand ing of the nature of disease. I hope that this text will continue to be of service in this behalf. Perhaps it may also reflect and foster the intellectual curiosity which makes the "reading of brains" so interesting an occupation. Gottingen, 1989 Reinhard L.

The normal anatomy of the cerebellum has been thoroughly studied by numerous in vestigators over many years. Anatomical aspects in terms of evolution (Dow, 1942; Larsell, 1967; Llinas, 1969; Gregory, 1975), correlative anatomy (Wallenberg, 1931), and morphology (Larsell, 1952; L0ning and Jansen, 1955; Ludwig-Hauri, 1955; Braitenberg and Atwood, 1958; Jansen und Brodal, 1958; Zeman and Innes, 1963) have been presented. Histological features have attracted many investigators (Bergmann, 1857; Denis senko, 1877; Ramon y Cajal and Illera, 1907; Addison, 1911; Jakob, 1928; Snider and Jacobs, 1949; Braitenberg and Atwood, 1958; Baud, 1959; Altman, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1971, 1972a, b, c, 1973a, b, 1975; Birch-Anderson et aI., 1962; Andres, 1965; Eccles et aI., 1967; Fox and Snider, 1967; Mugnaini and Forstrl1. lDen, 1967; Del Cerro and Snider, 1968, 1972a, b; O'Leary et aI., 1968, 1971; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1971, 1972; Rakic and Sidman, 1970; Das and Altman, 1971; Gobel, 1971; Rakic, 1971; 1972a, b; Chan-Palay, 1972a, b, 1973c, d; Palay and Chan-Palay, 1972, 1974; Sidman and Rakic, 1973; Spacek et aI., 1973; Das et al., 1974; Braak, 1975; Crepel and Mariani, 1975; Derrnietzel, 1975a, b; Gregory, 1975; Llinas, 1975; Meller and Tetzlaff, 1975; Cragg, 1976; Rees et aI., 1976; Zelevic and Rakic, 1976). Investigators of the cytologi cal characteristics of the cerebellar cortex are numerous (Sternberg and Krombholtz, 1838; Smirnow, 1897; Ramon y Fananas, 1916; Larramendi et al.

Schiele had the most long-lasting influence on the Vienna art scene after the great era of Klimt came to a close. After a short flirtation with the style of his mentor Klimt, Schiele soon questioned the aesthetic orientation to the beautiful surface of the Viennese Art Nouveau with his rough and not easily accessible paintings.