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Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) Engines: A Technology for Low Impact Engines presents the latest research on HCNG internal combustion engines, highlighting the benefits and advantages on improving efficiency and reducing emissions. The author's team bring their wealth of practical experience, which starts by covering the fundamentals and characteristics of HCNG engines before moving onto more advanced topics such as the optimization of different types of HCNG engines, numerical and technical modeling and advanced methods. Engineers and researchers of internal combustion engines will gain a thorough understanding of the technical aspects of HCNG engines and benefit from the experience of the authors. Readers will take away a thorough understanding of spark ignition engines and the effect of fuel composition on their general behavior, considering emissions, efficiency and performance improvement. Presents the fundamentals of HCNG engines and the relative effect on combustion, performance and emissions Covers the numerical modeling of HCNG engines and includes a full lifecycle assessment Includes a section completely dedicated to direct injection into the combustion chamber

Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas as a Fuel for Engines.

The reserves of the petroleum-based fuels are directly correlated with the increasing demand of human mankind for energy production. With the growing world populations, industries, vehicles, and equipment, energy demand leads to the search for the substitute of petroleum fuels, which can cater for the need of people today. Considering the current global economic crisis, the interest in alternative fuels is extremely high. It is known that there is a limited amount of fossil-based fuels as a sustainable energy source. The majority of the energy used today is obtained from the fossil fuels. Due to the continuing increase over the cost of fossil fuels, demands for clean energy have also been increasing. With this increasing demand for energy very soon the petroleum fuels will be depleted so researchers are focusing on to find the ways and means to generate cheap and abundant renewable and clean energy sources. Moving ahead with these plans, hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) engines have emerged as a future energy carrier for an internal combustion engine. Several countries are striving hard to bring down the pollution level by promoting hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas-fueled vehicles in general by powering heavy vehicles like transportation buses as well as passenger cars. In general, under certain conditions, the indicated thermal efficiency of the HCNG engine is much better than CNG engines without compromising the high level of pollutant emissions. Even so, the hydrogen addition to CNG increases the NOx emission, due to high heat generated inside combustion chamber. This can be minimized by application of lean-burn combustion or with three-way catalyst.

Childhood is a nostalgic part of life that people often look back to through pictures captured throughout the years. Yuan Ma takes readers through his childhood years as he shares a collection of photos in Yuan Ma: Childhood Memories. From his 30th day to his 11th year, this picture book gives readers a peek into history as well as the author's life. As they browse through the pages, they will see the progression from black and white photos to colored ones. They will also see studio pictures and family outings, solo pictures which were taken by parents and family members. The author includes personal captions for each image, revealing his feelings about that particular moment captured on lens. It provides insight on his loving and frugal mother, his father, and the other people he encountered in his young life, and what he was like as a child.