Continuity and Change in Pakistan's Internal Politics
This study places the ten-year regime of General Mohammad Ayub Khan in the context of Pakistan’s total political experience. Analysis focuses upon the basic political issues confronted by the nation, the governmental structures employed in an effort to resolve the issues, the groups active in the political process, and certain “dynamic factors” such as political style and values. Rejecting the parliamentary form of government as unsuitable for Pakistan, General Ayub’s regime sought to insure political stability through martial law and alter a unique type of presidential rule. Ayub’s political philosophy, which was elaborated as early as 1954, is discussed in the context of its impact upon martial law administration, the 1962 Constitution, and the programs and policies of the presidential period (1962-March, 1969). With the end of the Ayub era and the reimposition of military rule, it is apparent that the political “solutions” imposed from 1958-1968 were no less permanent than those attempted by earlier regimes. Although certain structures changed, the most potent political issues persisted. In addition, the established pattern of centralization of power and bureaucratic government, the style of authoritarian executive leadership, and the preeminent role of such elite groups as the military and higher civil bureaucracy were maintained. Once more Pakistan has reached a critical juncture. A third constitution must be formulated. Provisions must be made to reach accommodation with East Pakistan, economic development must bring reductions in the disparity between rich and poor, attention must be directed toward authentic political development. Only then will Pakistan’s political cleavages be bridged and the goal of long-term stability achieved.