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Proceedings of SPIE present the original research papers presented at SPIE conferences and other high-quality conferences in the broad-ranging fields of optics and photonics. These books provide prompt access to the latest innovations in research and technology in their respective fields. Proceedings of SPIE are among the most cited references in patent literature.

Includes Proceedings Vol. 7821

This book is an introduction to modern cardinal arithmetic, developed in the frame of the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory together with the axiom of choice. It splits into three parts. Part one, which is contained in Chapter 1, describes the classical cardinal arithmetic due to Bernstein, Cantor, Hausdorff, Konig, and Tarski. The results were found in the years between 1870 and 1930. Part two, which is Chapter 2, characterizes the development of cardinal arith metic in the seventies, which was led by Galvin, Hajnal, and Silver. The third part, contained in Chapters 3 to 9, presents the fundamental investigations in pcf-theory which has been developed by S. Shelah to answer the questions left open in the seventies. All theorems presented in Chapter 3 and Chapters 5 to 9 are due to Shelah, unless otherwise stated. We are greatly indebted to all those set theorists whose work we have tried to expound. Concerning the literature we owe very much to S. Shelah's book [Sh5] and to the article by M. R. Burke and M. Magidor [BM] which also initiated our students' interest for Shelah's pcf-theory.

Die Beziehungsgeschichte von Christen und Muslimen war im Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit äußerst vielschichtig, woraus sich besondere Anforderungen für das historische Lernen ergeben. Dieser Band will das Erkenntnispotenzial erschließen, das in einer Historisierung von Religion als Faktor des menschlichen Zusammenlebens – sei es friedlich oder konfliktreich – in der Geschichte liegt. Ausgehend vom aktuellen Kernlehrplan Geschichte (Sekundarstufe II) in Nordrhein-Westfalen sollen Lehrkräfte Informationsgrundlagen und Anregungen dazu erhalten, wie das überaus anspruchsvolle Themenfeld »Christen und Muslime in Mittelalter und Frühneuzeit« in fachlich fundierter und zugleich motivierender Weise unterrichtet werden kann. Das Buch wendet sich darüber hinaus an all jene Leserinnen und Leser, die sich in und außerhalb der Schule mit Grundlagen und Vermittlungsfragen christlich-muslimischer Geschichte befassen möchten. The history of the relationship between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times was very complex. For this reason, historical education faces particular challenges. This volume aims to explore the knowledge potential that lies within the history of historization of religion as a factor of the human coexistence – be it peaceful or violent. Based on the recent history curriculum (Secondary Level II) in Northrhine-Westfalia teachers shall receive both basic information and ideas on how to convey the very challenging subject "Christians and Muslims during the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times" in a qualified and motivating manner. This book also targets readers – in or outside school - who wish to learn more about the basics and conveying methods of Christian-Muslim history.

Die Digitalisierung der Pflege ist umstritten. Ist es legitim, ein Handlungsfeld zu technologisieren, das Sorgearbeit mit vulnerablen Menschen in den Mittelpunkt stellt? Die Debatte um die Entwicklung, Erprobung und Bewertung von neuen, digitalen Technologien für die Pflege boomt in Deutschland. Nach einer dynamischen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsphase zu digital gestützten Informationssystemen und Assistiven Technologien für die Pflege steht nun eine Auseinandersetzung um die Bedeutung von Autonomen und gegebenenfalls auch Lernenden Systemen für die Pflege und Pflegebildung bevor. Dieser Band versammelt grundlegende und pragmatische Reflexionen zum Thema, um Impulse und Orientierungen für eine systematische Diskussion um Chancen und Herausforderungen des Technikeinsatzes auf der praktischen Versorgungsebene der direkten Pflege, der Ebene der institutionellen Organisation von Versorgungsprozessen sowie einer übergeordneten gesellschaftlichen Ebene zu liefern. The discourse about the development, testing and evaluation of new, digital technologies for nursing is dynamic. Digitally supported information systems and assistive technologies to support nursing have become increasingly established in recent years. Currently, the importance of Robotics and Autonomous Systems as well as Learning Systems for nursing and nursing education is increasingly discussed. The volume presents fundamental and pragmatic reflections on the digitalisation of nursing in order to provide impulses and orientation for a systematic discussion about opportunities and challenges of the use of technology in nursing. The contributions deal with the possibilities and limitations of digitalisation for the practice of nursing, the institutional organisation of care and for the social understanding of care.