Hurt Feelings in Children's Friendships: Associations with Social Cognition, Behavior, and Adjustment
Results indicated that whereas hurt feelings and sadness were generally associated with prosocial goals and strategies, anger was associated with revenge goals and aggressive strategies. Anger emerged as a frequent mediator of the relation between children's interpretations of why the transgression occurred and their goals and strategies. Additionally, hurt feelings were predictive of a submissive behavior style and, in contrast, anger was associated with an aggressive behavior style. Although hurt feelings, anger, and sadness were all associated with increased reports of how much children would ruminate about the transgressions and with children's reports that the transgressions would make them feel badly, limited relations between emotion and any other indexes of social adjustment emerged. Results of this research demonstrate the differential relations between children's responses to friendship transgressions and their experiences of hurt feelings versus anger. These findings highlight the need for hurt feelings and anger to be explored separately in future research rather than combined to create a single "negative affect" index.