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There is a broad consensus among scholars that the idea of human rights was a product of the Enlightenment but that a self-conscious and broad-based human rights movement focused on international law only began after World War II. In this book, the nineteenth century's absence is conspicuous - few have considered that era seriously, much less written books on it. But as this author shows, the foundation of the movement that we know today was a product of one of the nineteenth century's central moral causes: the movement to ban the international slave trade.

There is a broad consensus among scholars that the idea of human rights was a product of the Enlightenment but that a self-conscious and broad-based human rights movement focused on international law only began after World War II. In this book, the nineteenth century's absence is conspicuous - few have considered that era seriously, much less written books on it. But as this author shows, the foundation of the movement that we know today was a product of one of the nineteenth century's central moral causes: the movement to ban the international slave trade.

Purebred and razzle-dazzle pink, Pete the poodle is the biggest star in the Circus Martinez. But when he muffs a couple of flaming-hoop jumps, he gets bumped from the headliner spot. Pete's just about ready to roll over and play dead when he comes nose to nose with the new attraction, a supersized grizzly bear named Fremont, who was captured from the wild a few nights before. Despite their knee-shaky beginning, Pete and Fremont hit it off. And together they learn that, though it's no place for rookies or hopeless has-beens, the circus is a breeding ground for first-class camaraderie.

Put simply, there is no text about public librarianship more rigorous or comprehensive than McCook's survey. Now, the REFORMA Lifetime Achievement Award-winning author has teamed up with noted public library scholar and advocate Bossaller to update and expand her work to incorporate the field's renewed emphasis on outcomes and transformation. This "essential tool" (Library Journal) remains the definitive handbook on this branch of the profession. It covers every aspect of the public library, from its earliest history through its current incarnation on the cutting edge of the information environment, including statistics, standards, planning, evaluations, and results;legal issues, funding, and politics;organization, administration, and staffing;all aspects of library technology, from structure and infrastructure to websites and makerspaces;adult services, youth services, and children's services;associations, state library agencies, and other professional organizations;global perspectives on public libraries; andadvocacy, outreach, and human rights. Exhaustively researched and expansive in its scope, this benchmark text continues to serve both LIS students and working professionals.

Overcrowding, noise and air pollution, long commutes and lack of daylight can take a huge toll on the mental well-being of city-dwellers. With mental healthcare services under increasing pressure, could a better approach to urban design and planning provide a solution? The restrictions faced by city residents around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic has brought home just how much urban design can affect our mental health – and created an imperative to seize this opportunity. Restorative Cities explores a new way of designing cities, one which places mental health and wellness at the forefront. Establishing a blueprint for urban design for mental health, it examines a range of strategies – from sensory architecture to place-making for creativity and community – and brings a genuinely evidence-based approach that will appeal to designers and planners, health practitioners and researchers alike - and provide compelling insights for anyone who cares about how our surroundings affect us. Written by a psychiatrist and public health specialist, and an environmental psychologist with extensive experience of architectural practice, this much-needed work will prompt debate and inspire built environment students and professionals to think more about the positive potential of their designs for mental well-being.

How can we protect ourselves from the pollution, chemicals, and toxins that pervade our environment? Dr. Jenny Goodman connects the health of our planet with our own well-being, addressing the questions that very few doctors ask. We’re all too aware of the traffic pollution in the air, the chemicals in our water, the toxins in the soil (and therefore our food), and the electromagnetic energy emanating from our gadgets. If we can also understand how they affect our health, not least in the worrying rises in asthma and allergies, infertility, obesity, heart disease, behavioral and neurological disorders, as well as cancer, then we can take positive steps to avoid them. With the right information, we can: • Safeguard ourselves with protective measures • Minimize our interactions with pollutants • Ensure our bodies have the right anti-toxin nutrients • Take collective action to fight for our health and that of the environment Backed by the latest scientific and medical research, Getting Healthy in Toxic Times will empower you to look after your own health—and that of the planet. Let’s put the good stuff in and take the bad stuff out!

Focused on the United States, this book summarizes the secondary impacts of COVID-19 due to the increased use of technology. Establishing the global response of social distancing, mandates for non-essential business, and working from home, the book centers on the disparate guidance provided domestically at the state and local levels. Marginalized populations are highlighted to identify areas where technology facilitated access and reach or contributed to difficulties catapulted by digital literacy or digital access issues. To explain how people may have been empowered or left behind due to a new and unique reliance on technology, this book is structured based on the social determinants of health domains. Specifically, this book explains how technology was an umbrella domain that impacted every aspect of life during the pandemic including access, use, adoption, digital literacy, and digital equity, as well as privacy and security concerns. Given this book’s focus on the impacts to marginalized populations, there is a thread throughout the book related to the use of technology to perpetuate hate, discrimination, racism, and xenophobic behaviors that emerged as a twin pandemic during COVID-19. Part I explains the defining differences between primary and secondary impacts, as well as the unique guidelines adopted in each state. Part II of the book is focused on specific domains, where each chapter is dedicated to topics including economic stability through employment, education, healthcare, and the social/community context through access to services. Part III focuses on unique technological considerations related to COVID-19, such as mobile health-related apps and privacy or security issues that may have posed barriers to the adoption and use of technology. Finally, the book ends with a conclusion chapter, which explicitly explains the advantages and disadvantages of technology adoption during COVID-19. These exposed benefits and challenges will have implications for policies, disaster management practices, and interdisciplinary research.

Background: Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder and 40-74% of the patients attending primary healthcare with a shoulder disorder are diagnosed with subacromial pain. Subacromial pain is characterized by restricted and painful movement of the arm that leads to difficulties in performing arm-related activities and often affects the quality of life profoundly, with respect to everyday function, work capacity, sleep quality and mental health. It is crucial that the measurements used to evaluate shoulder function and treatment response have acceptable psychometric properties and also that they are patients-specific and time-efficient to administer. For patients with subacromial pain, exercises are recommended as first-line treatment but consensus about which exercises and dosage to recommend has not been reached. The lack of evidence for one specific exercise model may be partly due to heterogeneity among this group of patients. The overall aim of this thesis were to evaluate the efficacy of a previously tested exercise strategy for patients with subacromial pain in a primary care setting, to describe the heterogeneity with possible subcategories among patients with subacromial pain, and finally to validate and adjust the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire for more diagnosis-specific clinical assessment. Methods: The four papers in this thesis are based on two clinical studies, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and one clinical cohort. The participants in both studies were patients with subacromial pain attending physiotherapist (PT) in a primary care setting. Two of the papers are based on psychometric analyses, with evaluation of construct validity and responsiveness for the DASH when used to evaluate shoulder function in patients with subacromial pain, and also calculation of minimal important change (MIC) for a diagnosis-specific short version of DASH (DASH 7). A third paper describe clinical presentation in patients with subacromial pain, based on the components active range of motion (AROM), rotator cuff function and scapular kinematics and the fourth paper evaluated the efficacy of a 3-month specific exercise strategy in comparison to an active control strategy. Results: Seven items from the original DASH were identified as being the most important in evaluating patients with subacromial pain (resulting in the DASH 7 questionnaire). The DASH 7 shows good responsiveness, can discriminate between patients who perceive themselves as improved and those who do not, and maintain a high level of internal consistency for the assessment of shoulder function in patients with subacromial pain, using only a quarter of the items of the original DASH. Based on clinical presentation, patients with subacromial pain in the primary care setting comprise a heterogeneous group. Rotator cuff dysfunction, defined as pain during resisted isometric muscle-testing, is very frequently present while limitation in active range of motion and scapular dyskinesia are less common. After three months of exercise, both groups in the RCT had significantly improved with no between group difference as measured with the primary CM-score. However, as measured with the DASH and the DASH 7, the patients in the specific exercise group was significantly more improved compared to those in the active control group. Conclusions: The DASH 7 questionnaire is a short patient-reported outcome measurement (PROM) with good responsiveness, specific for patients with subacromial pain. Heterogeneity was confirmed with identified variability in AROM, rotator cuff function and scapular kinematics in clinical presentation which confirms that these components are important in the clinical examination of patients with subacromial pain. Shoulder function evaluated with the CM score did not improve to a significantly different degree between the two groups studied. The specific exercises might not be necessary for all patients in the primary care setting to achieve a clinically relevant improvement. However, the specific exercise strategy was significantly better when improvement was assessed by DASH and DASH 7, and this leads us to recommend this strategy, with its progressive loading of the rotator cuff muscles and scapula stabilizers, as first choice, provided that it is tolerated by the patient. Bakgrund: Axelsmärta är ett vanligt problem i befolkningen och bland de som söker hjälp för sin axelsmärta inom primärvården är subacromial smärta den vanligaste diagnosen. Subacromial smärta karaktäriseras av smärta vid armaktivitet, främst vid aktivitet i och över axelhöjd samt bakom ryggen. Det är vanligt att denna smärta ger störd sömn och svårighet att utföra fritidsaktiviteter och dagligt arbete vilket kan bidra till försämrad psykisk hälsa och livskvalitet. Det är viktigt att kunna mäta och utvärdera skulderfunktion samt effekt av behandling på ett tillförlitligt sätt och att de instrument som används känns relevanta för patienten samt är tids-effektiva att administrera. Träning är den behandling som i första hand rekommenderas för patienter med subacromial smärta men det saknas fortfarande tydliga riktlinjer gällande vilka övningar och vilken dosering som är den bästa. En diskuterad anledning till att det är svårt att påvisa sådana riktlinjer kan vara att patientgruppen är heterogen. Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen var att utvärdera effekten av en specifik träningsstrategi för patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård, att identifiera och beskriva variationen i klinisk presentation hos patienter med subacromial smärta samt att validera och justera självskattningsformuläret DASH för dignosspecifik bedömning. Metoder: De fyra delarbeten som ingår i den här avhandlingen baseras på två kliniska studier. Samtliga studiedeltagare var patienter med subacromial smärta som sökte vård hos fysioterapeut inom primärvården i Östergötland. I två delarbeten analyseras mätegenskaper för självskattningsformulär, gällande validitet och responsiveness (förmåga att mäta förändring över tid) hos DASH för patienter med subacromial smärta samt gällande kliniskt relevant förändring hos den diagnosspecifika kortversionen, DASH 7. Ett tredje delarbete beskriver klinisk presentation hos patienterna utifrån komponenterna aktiv rörlighet, muskelfunktion i rotatorkuff samt skulderbladets rörelsemönster och det fjärde delarbetet utvärderar effekten av en specifik träningsstrategi jämfört med en aktiv kontrollstrategi för patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård. Resultat: Sju av de ursprungliga 30 frågorna i DASH identifierades som de viktigaste för att utvärdera skulderfunktion hos patienter med subacromial smärta (vilket resulterade i ett nytt självskattningsformulär, DASH 7). DASH 7 uppvisar god responsiveness och kan skilja mellan de patienter som upplever sig förbättrade och de som inte gör det, samt bibehåller hög intern konsistens för bedömning av skulderfunktion hos patienter med subacromial smärta, med endast en fjärdedel av frågorna från DASH. Baserat på klinisk presentation, konstateras att patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård är en heterogen grupp. Störd funktion i rotatorcuffens muskulatur, definierat som smärta vid isometriska muskeltester, är vanligt förekommande medan inskränkt aktiv rörlighet och stört rörelsemönster i skulderbladet förekommer mer sällan. Efter tre månaders träning uppvisar patienterna i båda träningsgrupperna en signifikant förbättring i skulderfunktion. Gällande funktion mätt med utvärderingsinstrumentet CM ses ingen skillnad i effekt mellan träningsgrupperna. Däremot, när skulderfunktion utvärderas med DASH och DASH 7, ses att patienterna i den specifika träningsgruppen förbättrats signifikant mer jämfört med patienterna i den aktiva kontrollgruppen. Konklusioner: DASH 7 är ett kort självskattningsformulär med god förmåga att mäta förändring över tid, specifikt utformat för patienter med subacromial smärta. Heterogenitet konstateras baserat på variationen i klinisk presentation gällande de tre komponenterna: aktiv rörlighet, muskelfunktion i rotatorkuff samt skulderbladets rörelsemönster, vilket visar på att dessa komponenter är viktiga i bedömningen av patienter med subacromial smärta. Förändrad skulderfunktion, utvärderat med CM, visar ingen skillnad i effekt mellan de två träningsgrupperna som testats. Den specifika träningen verkar därmed inte behövas för alla patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård för att uppnå en kliniskt relevant förbättring. Utvärdering av skulderfunktion med DASH och DASH 7 däremot visar att patienterna i den specifika träningsgruppen blivit signifikant bättre jämfört med de i den aktiva kontrollgruppen. Baserat på dessa resultat rekommenderar vi den specifika träningsstrategin som förstahandsval vid behandling av subacromial smärta, förutsatt att patienten tolererar den belastade träningen för rotatorkuff- och skulderbladsmuskulatur.

This handbook was written and edited by a group of about 40 collaborators in a series of six book sprints that took place between 1 and 10 June 2021. It aims to support higher education institutions with the practical implementation of content relating to the FAIR principles in their curricula, while also aiding teaching by providing practical material, such as competence profiles, learning outcomes, lesson plans, and supporting information. It incorporates community feedback received during the public consultation which ran from 27 July to 12 September 2021.

Public expenditures (PE) are critical for key public sector functions that contribute to development and welfare improvements, including the provisions of necessary public goods and the mitigation of market failures. PE in social sectors, such as health, education, and social welfare, and in agriculture have been increasingly recognized as potentially important for income growth, poverty reduction, fostering increased private investment, improved nutritional outcomes, and greater economic resilience. Furthermore, the importance of the impact of subnational PE on these outcomes has also been recognized, as appropriately decentralized PE systems can potentially achieve greater effectiveness by enabling public sector support that is tailored more to local needs. However, direct evidence of these developmental effects of decentralized PE in developing countries like Nigeria has been relatively limited. This study attempts to fill this knowledge gap by estimating the effects of shares of total subnational PE for agriculture, health, education, and social welfare, as well as PE size, on household-level outcomes using nationally-representative panel household data and both local government area and higher state-level PE data for Nigeria. We find that greater shares of total PE for agriculture, health, and social welfare, conditional on PE size, generally have positive effects on consumption, poverty reduction, and non-farm business capital investments. A greater share of total PE for agriculture benefits a broader range of outcomes than do greater shares of total PE for health and social welfare. These include improving certain nutritional outcomes, like household dietary diversity across seasons, and economic flexibility between farm and non-farm activities, which may be particularly important for building resilience in today’s rapidly changing socioeconomic environment due to shocks, including COVID19. Such multi-dimensional benefits of greater PE for agriculture are particularly worthy of attention in countries like Nigeria, which have historically allocated a lower share of total PE to agriculture than to health and other social welfare sectors and a lower share of total PE to agriculture compared to that allocated to agriculture in similar countries in Africa and elsewhere.