From Pan to Plate
After President Polk’s announcement in December 1848 of the gold discovery in California, thousands flocked to the region. Lured by the ready market of potential customers, daguerreotypists also made their way. The daguerreotype quickly became an important component of the gold rush experience. Using a personal research database comprised of over 500 daguerreotypes and ambrotypes made in California from 1849 to 1865, this dissertation reveals previously unrecognized patterns in overall production. Informed by this wealth of data, the following chapters incorporate primary and secondary source materials that seek to identify or support patterns uncovered through the database analysis. The first chapter provides an overview of the earliest daguerreian projects completed in California by Robert H. Vance and J. Wesley Jones. The second chapter surveys the notable California daguerreotypist working outside the studio in the gold fields. The evolution of mining technology from individuals with a pickaxe, shovel, and pan; to groups of men with rockers, long toms, and sluices; to large companies engaged in river diversion and hydraulic mining is the subject of the third chapter. The fourth chapter explores the mining contributions of American Indian, Chinese, and black (enslaved and free) miners and considers reasons for the lack of pictorial representation. California gold towns, the subject of the fifth chapter, examines images of street views, housing, cemeteries, and distant views, and investigates the population of those towns, including women. Miner studio portraits with men in mining attire often holding a pickaxe, shovel, knife, or gold nugget are the topic of the final chapter. California gold rush daguerreotypes offer more than a simple documentation of a major cultural and historical event. These images provide an extraordinary glimpse into the transformation of the American West: a mass migration led to a complex mix of peoples and culture, gold towns arose almost overnight, and mining technology altered the landscape. While daguerreotypists found many ways to explore the reality of the gold rush, existing images do not fully convey the experience. This dissertation focuses on what is visually represented in California gold rush daguerreotypes, while addressing what tended to be ignored.