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This book offers comprehensive coverage on the most important aspects of audio watermarking, from classic techniques to the latest advances, from commonly investigated topics to emerging research subdomains, and from the research and development achievements to date, to current limitations, challenges, and future directions. It also addresses key topics such as reversible audio watermarking, audio watermarking with encryption, and imperceptibility control methods. The book sets itself apart from the existing literature in three main ways. Firstly, it not only reviews classical categories of audio watermarking techniques, but also provides detailed descriptions, analysis and experimental results of the latest work in each category. Secondly, it highlights the emerging research topic of reversible audio watermarking, including recent research trends, unique features, and the potentials of this subdomain. Lastly, the joint consideration of audio watermarking and encryption is also reviewed. With the help of this concept, more secure audio watermarking systems can be developed, which meet the requirements for security and privacy in cloud-based networks and systems. Accordingly, the book serves as a tutorial suitable for readers with a general knowledge of audio signal processing as well as experts in related areas, helping these readers understand the basic principles and the latest advances, concepts and applications of audio watermarking.

A considerable literature exists on the measurement of income inequality in China and its increasing trend. Much less is known about the driving forces of this trend and their quantitative contributions. Conventional decompositions, by factor components or by population subgroups, provide only limited information on the determinants of income inequality. This paper represents an early attempt to apply the regression-based decomposition framework to the study of inequality accounting in rural China, using household-level data. It is found that geography has been the dominant factor but is becoming less important in explaining total inequality. Capital input emerges as a most significant determinant of income inequality. Farming structure is more important than labor and other inputs in contributing to income inequality across households.

Nonlinear evolution equations are widely used to describe nonlinear phenomena in natural and social sciences. However, they are usually quite difficult to solve in most instances. This book introduces the finite difference methods for solving nonlinear evolution equations. The main numerical analysis tool is the energy method. This book covers the difference methods for the initial-boundary value problems of twelve nonlinear partial differential equations. They are Fisher equation, Burgers' equation, regularized long-wave equation, Korteweg-de Vries equation, Camassa-Holm equation, Schrödinger equation, Kuramoto-Tsuzuki equation, Zakharov equation, Ginzburg-Landau equation, Cahn-Hilliard equation, epitaxial growth model and phase field crystal model. This book is a monograph for the graduate students and science researchers majoring in computational mathematics and applied mathematics. It will be also useful to all researchers in related disciplines.

Starting with an introduction to fractional derivatives and numerical approximations, this book presents finite difference methods for fractional differential equations, including time-fractional sub-diffusion equations, time-fractional wave equations, and space-fractional differential equations, among others. Approximation methods for fractional derivatives are developed and approximate accuracies are analyzed in detail.

Includes Proceedings Vol. 7821