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Vegetation. Its origin, development, and structure. Methods of studying vegetation. Plant succession. The units of vegetation. Initial causes of succession. Migration, ecesis, and aggregation. Competition and invasion. Soil in relation to plant development. Reaction and stabilization. Coaction and conservation. Relation of underground plant parts to environment. Humidity, wind, and evaporation. Temperature. Light. Plant response as a measure of environment. Adaptation to water. Plants and plant communities as indicators. Climax formations of North America.

This survey of the forestry and other economic resources of Alaska before World War I, includes suggestions for future management of natural resources in the state. Contemporary photographs.