Agroecological Transformations
There is growing recognition that the dominant agricultural system is not working for people or for the environment and that there is an urgent need for transformation. This dissertation explores one aspect of what that transformation could look like and how to make it happen. The first two chapters focus on the effects of diversified agroecological landscapes as an alternative to large-scale monocultures. Chapter 1 focuses on the impact of increasing flower availability in crop field edges, a common strategy for supporting wild bee conservation and crop pollination. In one of the two years of the study, we found positive effects of increasing flower availability in crop field edges independent of the amount of natural area in surrounding landscapes. We also found that leaving existing flowers (i.e., not removing them via herbicide or mowing) may matter more than planting flowers for increasing local wild bee abundance, richness, and crop pollination. Adding additional flowers was found to improve the nesting success of stem-nesting bees. Chapter 2 details an R package we built to quantify the impact of landscape-scale variables on local responses. This package was developed to evaluate the impact of non-crop habitat on wild bees in Chapter 1, but it can also be used to understand the impact of other landscape-scale variables on a range of responses. The third chapter addresses bigger-picture questions of how to alter socio-political structures in ways that enable transformational change toward diversified agricultural systems (such as those explored in Chapter 1) and empower farmers, communities, and the environment. To explore these questions, we conducted 127 interviews and 3 participatory workshops with farmers and other members of the agricultural community in the Midwestern United States and evaluated what is needed to make such change in the Midwest region. Based on the interviews and workshops, we found that if the goal is to achieve transformational change, more effort within the Midwest sustainable agriculture movement should shift toward providing social supports for farmers and farmworkers, addressing land and capital consolidation, and altering social norms around the type of agriculture that is valued. Through researching questions aimed at helping farmers establish agroecological management practices and understanding the changes to socio-political structures needed to support them, this dissertation illuminates some of the elements necessary to make transformational change.