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The present book Microbes in Indian Buffalo Rumen: A Metagenomics Approach will be useful to researchers, who are engaged in research on DNA sequencing of Microbes with diet composition, gut flora, ruminal microbes, and microbial community dynamics of cattle. The book covers not only the rumen metagenomics, but also highlights the salient findings about specifically exploring the microbial community dynamics from Mehsani and Kankrej breeds of buffaloes at different diet treatments, comparing the rumen microbiota at each diet treatments, and identifying the methanogens and their enzymes responsible for methanogenesis at each dietary treatment. The rumen microbiota studied under the different diet treatments consisted of 48 metagenomes per animal species, outputted a huge sequence dataset, the rarefaction analysis of which confirmed the rumen metagenomes were sequenced to sufficient depths. Though Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes appeared as a key role player in the constitution of the ruminal environment, the significant shift in the abundance of the rest minor phyla confirms their auxiliary role in metabolizing of the fibre-rich feed particles. The more occurrences of Clostridium, Ruminococcus and Eubacterium coming from Firmicutes group, in solid fraction as compared to liquid fraction provides the hint of their foremost site of metabolic action, a fibre, where they actively participate in fibre degradation and produces oligo- and di-saccharides (soluble) for further utilization by Bacteroidetes in liquid fraction. Metabolic subsystems shows predominance of carbohydrate utilization among rest of the subsystems provides and thus provides the insights in functional capability of the ruminal microbiota for the degradation of the ingested food and hence aid in endowment of the nutrition to the host. Further, the results of CAZyme families conceived a fact that in Mehsani buffalo, the green roughage showed more abundance of GH2 genes (β-galactosidase) and dry roughage showed more abundance of GH3 genes (exo acting β-glucosidase). Thereby confirming efficient cellulosic biomass degradation in dry roughage as compared to green roughage, where more hydrolysis of lactose as well as the transgalactosylation of galacto-oligosaccharides takes place. Apart from that, the taxonomic assignment of the CAZymecontigs in Kankrej cattle revealed that carbohydrate esterases (CE) are group of the enzymes that majorly contributed by Prevotella, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides, on the other hand, glycosyl hydrolase 3 (GH3), a CAZy family, contributed by Clostridium and Fibrobacter in liquid portion and Clostridium, Eubacterium and Ruminococcus in solid fraction. Moreover, the present book will be very much benefited to all young as well as professional researchers and scientists of India and world over, covering wide regional, national, continental, and global spectrum.

Anaerobic bacteria, though often overshadowed by their aerobic counterparts, play a critical role in human health and disease. These microorganisms, which thrive in oxygen-depleted environments, constitute a significant proportion of the human microbiome, particularly in mucosal surfaces such as the gastrointestinal, oral, and genital tracts. While many anaerobes exist as commensals, their ability to act as opportunistic pathogens under specific conditions makes their study pivotal in the fields of microbiology, infectious diseases, and clinical diagnostics. This book, "Anaerobic Bacteriology: Foundations, Diagnostics, and Clinical Perspectives", is an endeavor to bridge the gap between foundational knowledge and practical applications in the diagnosis and management of anaerobic infections. It aims to provide a comprehensive resource for medical professionals, microbiologists, researchers, and students who wish to deepen their understanding of anaerobic bacteria and their clinical significance. The initial chapters lay the groundwork by exploring the biology, taxonomy, and ecological niches of anaerobes, offering readers insights into their unique physiology and interactions within the human body. Subsequent sections delve into the principles of specimen collection, laboratory techniques for isolation and identification, and the challenges posed by the anaerobic nature of these organisms. Special emphasis has been placed on rapid diagnostic methods and cost-effective approaches suitable for routine hospital laboratories and resource-limited settings. Clinical perspectives are discussed in detail, highlighting the role of anaerobic bacteria in infections ranging from intra-abdominal and pelvic infections to periodontitis and sepsis. The book also addresses the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance among anaerobes, emphasizing the need for informed therapeutic strategies and robust infection control practices. A unique feature of this work is its integration of evidence-based practices with practical guidelines, making it a valuable reference for both academics and clinicians. By synthesizing the latest advancements in anaerobic bacteriology with established knowledge, this book aspires to foster improved diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic decision-making, and ultimately, patient outcomes. We extend our gratitude to the many experts and colleagues whose contributions, insights, and encouragement have made this book possible. It is our hope that this work will serve as a reliable guide for those navigating the intricate world of anaerobic bacteriology and its clinical implications.

Temperate Horticulture Is A Very Important Component Of Horticulture As It Is Only Confined To The Hilly Regions Of A Country. For Fruit Crops, It Represents A Group, Which Is Physiologically Diverse From The Sub-Tropical And Tropical Fruit Crops Grown In Other Regions. For Vegetables And Floriculture It Has Immense Potential For The Keeping The Nation Well Supplied With Off-Season And Exotic Vegetables And Flowers All The Year Round.

Over the last 50 years, human activities - particularly the burning of fossil fuels - have released sufficient quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to trap additional heat in the lower atmosphere and addict the global climate in the last 130 years, the world has warmed by approximately 0.85oC. Each of the last 3 decades has been successively warmer than any preceding decade since 1850. The seas levels are rising glaciers are melting and precipitation patterns are changing. Extreme weather events are becoming more intense and frequent. Although global warming may bring some localized benefits, such as fewer winter deaths in temperate climates and increased food production in certain areas, the overall health effects of changing climate are likely to be overwhelmingly negative. Climate change affects social and environmental determinants of health - clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.

The present book Microbes in Indian Buffalo Rumen: A Metagenomics Approach will be useful to researchers, who are engaged in research on DNA sequencing of Microbes with diet composition, gut flora, ruminal microbes, and microbial community dynamics of cattle. The book covers not only the rumen metagenomics, but also highlights the salient findings about specifically exploring the microbial community dynamics from Mehsani and Kankrej breeds of buffaloes at different diet treatments, comparing the rumen microbiota at each diet treatments, and identifying the methanogens and their enzymes responsible for methanogenesis at each dietary treatment. The rumen microbiota studied under the different diet treatments consisted of 48 metagenomes per animal species, outputted a huge sequence dataset, the rarefaction analysis of which confirmed the rumen metagenomes were sequenced to sufficient depths. Though Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes appeared as a key role player in the constitution of the ruminal environment, the significant shift in the abundance of the rest minor phyla confirms their auxiliary role in metabolizing of the fibre-rich feed particles. The more occurrences of Clostridium, Ruminococcus and Eubacterium coming from Firmicutes group, in solid fraction as compared to liquid fraction provides the hint of their foremost site of metabolic action, a fibre, where they actively participate in fibre degradation and produces oligo- and di-saccharides (soluble) for further utilization by Bacteroidetes in liquid fraction. Metabolic subsystems shows predominance of carbohydrate utilization among rest of the subsystems provides and thus provides the insights in functional capability of the ruminal microbiota for the degradation of the ingested food and hence aid in endowment of the nutrition to the host. Further, the results of CAZyme families conceived a fact that in Mehsani buffalo, the green roughage showed more abundance of GH2 genes (β-galactosidase) and dry roughage showed more abundance of GH3 genes (exo acting β-glucosidase). Thereby confirming efficient cellulosic biomass degradation in dry roughage as compared to green roughage, where more hydrolysis of lactose as well as the transgalactosylation of galacto-oligosaccharides takes place. Apart from that, the taxonomic assignment of the CAZymecontigs in Kankrej cattle revealed that carbohydrate esterases (CE) are group of the enzymes that majorly contributed by Prevotella, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides, on the other hand, glycosyl hydrolase 3 (GH3), a CAZy family, contributed by Clostridium and Fibrobacter in liquid portion and Clostridium, Eubacterium and Ruminococcus in solid fraction. Moreover, the present book will be very much benefited to all young as well as professional researchers and scientists of India and world over, covering wide regional, national, continental, and global spectrum.

Anaerobic bacteria, though often overshadowed by their aerobic counterparts, play a critical role in human health and disease. These microorganisms, which thrive in oxygen-depleted environments, constitute a significant proportion of the human microbiome, particularly in mucosal surfaces such as the gastrointestinal, oral, and genital tracts. While many anaerobes exist as commensals, their ability to act as opportunistic pathogens under specific conditions makes their study pivotal in the fields of microbiology, infectious diseases, and clinical diagnostics. This book, "Anaerobic Bacteriology: Foundations, Diagnostics, and Clinical Perspectives", is an endeavor to bridge the gap between foundational knowledge and practical applications in the diagnosis and management of anaerobic infections. It aims to provide a comprehensive resource for medical professionals, microbiologists, researchers, and students who wish to deepen their understanding of anaerobic bacteria and their clinical significance. The initial chapters lay the groundwork by exploring the biology, taxonomy, and ecological niches of anaerobes, offering readers insights into their unique physiology and interactions within the human body. Subsequent sections delve into the principles of specimen collection, laboratory techniques for isolation and identification, and the challenges posed by the anaerobic nature of these organisms. Special emphasis has been placed on rapid diagnostic methods and cost-effective approaches suitable for routine hospital laboratories and resource-limited settings. Clinical perspectives are discussed in detail, highlighting the role of anaerobic bacteria in infections ranging from intra-abdominal and pelvic infections to periodontitis and sepsis. The book also addresses the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance among anaerobes, emphasizing the need for informed therapeutic strategies and robust infection control practices. A unique feature of this work is its integration of evidence-based practices with practical guidelines, making it a valuable reference for both academics and clinicians. By synthesizing the latest advancements in anaerobic bacteriology with established knowledge, this book aspires to foster improved diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic decision-making, and ultimately, patient outcomes. We extend our gratitude to the many experts and colleagues whose contributions, insights, and encouragement have made this book possible. It is our hope that this work will serve as a reliable guide for those navigating the intricate world of anaerobic bacteriology and its clinical implications.