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The causes of crime are one of the important phases of the crime issues that require more discussion, investigation and research and call for more social and government action. The traditional approach to causation of crime in U.S.A. has been the socio-economic. Yet many countries of the world notably those on the European continent and in Latin America, have insisted that biological and constitutional factors are more influential in eliciting criminal behaviour. The geographical determinists have maintained that the weather, the seasons, topography, humidity etc. are important factors to explain why people behave as they do.

Our Chemistry Reference Book adheres to the scope and sequence of most general chemistry courses nationwide. We strive to make chemistry, as a discipline, interesting and accessible to students. With this objective in mind, the content of this Reference Book has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from fundamental to more advanced concepts of chemical science. Topics are introduced within the context of familiar experiences whenever possible, treated with an appropriate rigor to satisfy the intellect of the learner, and reinforced in subsequent discussions of related content. The organization and pedagogical features were developed and vetted with feedback from chemistry educators dedicated to the project. Dr. J. SAI CHANDRA Mr. SANTOSH RAMCHANDRA KSHIRSAGAR Dr. SAMBHAJI MAHIPATI KALE Mr. SANDIP PANDURANG GONDAKE Mr. SAGAR INDRAJEET SHINDE

The integration of AI-powered e-gamified modules in education has significantly impacted students' scientific attitudes and academic achievement in science. This study investigates how AI-driven gamification enhances engagement, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, leading to improved academic performance. AI enables personalized learning experiences by adapting to individual student needs, thus fostering a more interactive and learner-centered approach. E-gamified modules provide immediate feedback, motivating students to correct errors and reinforce learning. The main aim of the study is to find out whether there is any significant difference between pre-test & post-test mean scores of secondary school students taught with and without AI-powered e-gamified modules in science. 80 Samples were chosen by employing purposive sampling technique. The researcher has used standardized PhET simulation modules. The results show that the post-test mean scores of the experimental group are significantly different than that of the control group. The study suggests that when students are exposed to AI-powered gamified learning environments, they develop a more positive disposition toward scientific methods and show measurable improvements in performance. This research highlights the potential of AI in transforming traditional education by making learning more dynamic, personalized, and effective, thereby fostering a deeper understanding of science and its applications.

1.1 NEED AND BACKGROUND 1.1.1 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS WITHIN SOCIETY Man is a social animal both by need and necessity. Social institutions are born with cultural influences. Social institution is one of the products of culture. Institutions are necessary to maintain social order and control human behavior. Social institutions are born to satisfy human needs. All the needs and desires of the individuals and human beings are met by social institutions. Social institutions are simply social habits. For example, the habits of shaving in the morning, uttering prayers before going to bed. Habits are systematized instituted or established by groups. Institutions may also be defined as, “habitual ways of living together which have been sanctioned, systematized and established by the authority of communities”. An institution, therefore, “may be type of group”. In this sense the family is an institution, (and if it conducts itself in institutionalized ways) Robert Bierstead considers that “institutions as an organized way of doing something”. Institutions are socially important because they transfer cultural elements from one generation to another. For example, the father of the family teaches his sons and daughters about the family - the way of life, economic way of life and religious way of life. A social institution introduces unity in human behavior. A social institution also controls the conduct and character of man in the society. Modern life is not as simple as that of ancient times. It is complex. The complexity has been produced by our growing and different needs. The needs are self-preservation, Self-perpetuation and self-expression. These needs are met only by social institutions. Social institutions represent the social structure of the society. We can conclude that the social relationships include common values and procedure to achieve basic needs of society. Common value means shared ideas and goals, procedure means the accepted standardized norms and the social relationships include the behavior of the people. (A. Youb, 2008).

The humanities and literature are experiencing a lot of recent advances and trends. English literature written in India is hardly an exception. In Indian English fiction, there are a lot of emerging literary trends. A collection of authors who are writing, translating, and transcribing into English is available here. Indian English fiction is rapidly embracing creativity, translation, transcription, Dalit literature, diasporic writing, postcolonial writing, postmodern writing, and feminist writing. Many technocrats and management experts, particularly those from overseas, are producing best-sellers in India these days. Both creative writing and marketing abilities might receive credit. Social networking sites are beneficial for marketing as well. In addition to having active Facebook fan pages, many authors, like Chetan Bhagat, Shobha De, Anita Desai, and Kiran Desai, also have active Twitter and blog accounts. This facilitates indirect engagement and helps them learn more about the audience's desires. Books can even be read on an electronic device. To promote sales, a lot of writers provide online book excerpts. The practice of reading is waning in modern times. Therefore, writers need to adapt more to the audience's tastes and fast-paced lifestyles. The audience demands the most entertainment in the least amount of time and effort. Nonetheless, Indian English popular literature can be examined as a source for cultural analysis because it captures the tastes of Indian authors.

The present day Marathwada forms a revenue division of Maharashtra State and comprises five districts such as Aurangabad, Parbhani, Nanded, Bhir and Osmanabad. It witnessed the rise and fall of various dynasties.

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) plays a significant role in fostering rural development by integrating traditional wisdom, sustainable practices, and holistic approaches to address modern challenges. Rooted in India's diverse cultural heritage, IKS offers time-tested methods that align with the principles of self-reliance, environmental harmony, and community empowerment, essential for rural progress. The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) plays a vital role in rural development by providing sustainable, inclusive, and context-specific solutions to the challenges faced by rural communities. It draws upon traditional wisdom, practices, and ethical frameworks that have evolved over centuries to address modern developmental needs. The integration of IKS with contemporary development models can lead to the empowerment of rural areas in a culturally sensitive and environmentally sustainable manner.