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This PhD thesis entitled Extreme heat and human health: The effects of extreme temperatures and pollution on health in Spain examines the impacts of heat waves and air pollution on human mortality. Background. We present this research as a scientific contribution to major societal issues: human impacts on environment, ongoing climate change, population settlements and demographic aging, along with adaptive capacities of our societies, to mention a few. With a clear emphasis on spatial dimensions and a steadfast investment in data collection procedures and statistical methods, we propose a novel perspective on the spatial and temporal geographic, demographic and epidemiological transformations witnessed in Spain during the late 20th and early 21st century. The choice of Spain as a study area is based on the fact that this country as an excellent laboratory in which one could run comprehensive analysis oriented to disentangle complex relationship between changing climate with newly emerging extreme events and human mortality...