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PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkylsubstances) are known to be extremely difficult to degrade in the environment and to be bioaccumulative and toxic. Exposure to PFAS is suspected to increase the risk of adverse health effects, such as impacts on the thyroid gland, the liver, fat metabolism and the immune system. This study estimates the socioeconomic costs that may result from impacts on human health and the environment from the use of PFAS. Better awareness of the costs and problems associated with PFAS exposure will assist decision-makers and the general public to make more efficient and timely risk management decisions. Findings indicate that the costs are substantial, with annual health-related costs estimated to 2.8 – 4.6 billion EUR for the Nordic countries and 52 – 84 billion EUR for all EEA countries. Overall non-health costs are estimated at 46 million – 11 billion EUR for the Nordic countries.Upon request the excel spreadsheets used for the monetarisation and valuation in this report can also be provided along with a guidance on how to use the estimation of costs for value transfer. Please contact any of the consultants or members of the steering group from the Swedish Chemicals Agency or the Danish Environmental Protection Agency if you are interested in receiving these excel spreadsheets.

Preface -- Estimates of costs of inaction linked to exposure to PFAS -- Data used for environment-related cost calculations -- The case studies -- National / state screening for PFAS contamination -- The regulatory framework as baseline in relation to PFAS -- References -- Methodology to assess environment and health-related costs -- -- Abbreviations used -- Health impacts - additional information on evidence and calculations -- Introduction -- Conclusions.

Since many years, the need to abate the greenhouse gases emissions appeared to be more and more obvious for the scientist community, politics, economists and society. While contributing to about 12% of the world anthropogenic emissions (2005), agriculture has an important role to play in the fight against climate change and pollutions. In particular, manure would produce 7% of the world non-CO2 anthropogenic emissions. Thus, it represents a source of agricultural pollution on which many studies have been done to find solutions to these emissions. Anaerobic digesters could be one of the best options. This study will create a simplified economic model to build the Mitigation Abatement Cost curves for the anaerobic digesters in the USA and Vietnam. They enable us to do a cost-effective analysis of the different digesters while classifying them in an ascending order of break-even prices and associating these prices to an amount of gas reduced. They finally give the potential of the American and Vietnamese digesters to reduce the emissions from manure. This study shows the existence of some cost-effective technologies, presents the heterogeneity of the results according to the farms characteristics (such as the localization and the farm size), and proves the importance of the assumptions and data used to build such a model (thanks to a sensitivity analysis of some parameters such as the implied adoption rate of each digester in a country, the scale effects, the discount rate, the "adoption rate").