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This book discusses advanced statistical methods that can be used to analyse ecological data. Most environmental collected data are measured repeatedly over time, or space and this requires the use of GLMM or GAMM methods. The book starts by revising regression, additive modelling, GAM and GLM, and then discusses dealing with spatial or temporal dependencies and nested data.

This book discusses advanced statistical methods that can be used to analyse ecological data. Most environmental collected data are measured repeatedly over time, or space and this requires the use of GLMM or GAMM methods. The book starts by revising regression, additive modelling, GAM and GLM, and then discusses dealing with spatial or temporal dependencies and nested data.

This work reviewed a model of biological system with receptor perception, cognitive resources and subordinated system, changeable in terms of its form and structure. It contains analysis of information, available for biological system, and estimates the result of information processing and actions, taken up on that basis. Our conclusions suggest a strong need to: • explanation of human language and forms of communication, • adding a new section of “primary modeling” in mathematics and existing formal sciences for achieving correct results, • changeover in business activity along the lines of “rules of a safe scientific experiment”, • minimization of social influence from persons, using cognitive distortions in their practical activity, help in gaining the correct knowledge and amending cognitive mistakes. This work is meant for obtaining practical skills in correct use of formal semantic representation in thinking and communications, which allow to harmonize social processes with technological development. For that purpose we take it into research the informational processes, underlying the foundations of gaining practical skills, defined by overall physiology of organisms with neural systems, able to collect information from receptor system and exert influence on physiology of any given organism. This material is founded on formalization, used in organic physiology. It describes the formal content, used by neural system and representing models with the formal method, applicable to these models.

The majority of the "memorable" results of relativistic quantum theory were obtained within the framework of the local quantum field approach. The explanation of the basic principles of the local theory and its mathematical structure has left its mark on all modern activity in this area. Originally, the axiomatic approach arose from attempts to give a mathematical meaning to the quantum field theory of strong interactions (of Yukawa type). The fields in such a theory are realized by operators in Hilbert space with a positive Poincare-invariant scalar product. This "classical" part of the axiomatic approach attained its modern form as far back as the sixties. * It has retained its importance even to this day, in spite of the fact that nowadays the main prospects for the description of the electro-weak and strong interactions are in connection with the theory of gauge fields. In fact, from the point of view of the quark model, the theory of strong interactions of Wightman type was obtained by restricting attention to just the "physical" local operators (such as hadronic fields consisting of ''fundamental'' quark fields) acting in a Hilbert space of physical states. In principle, there are enough such "physical" fields for a description of hadronic physics, although this means that one must reject the traditional local Lagrangian formalism. (The connection is restored in the approximation of low-energy "phe nomenological" Lagrangians.

Statistics, data analysis, computing.