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For decades, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including myocardial ischemia and infarction (MI). However, several large clinical trials failed to demonstrate beneficial outcomes in response to the global reduction of ROS in patients with underlying CVD. Recent studies from our and other labs showed that it is rather a critical balance between mitochondrial and cytosolic ROS than total ROS levels which determines resilience of coronary endothelial cells (EC). Here, we will discuss published and unpublished work that has helped elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which subcellular ROS levels, duration and localization modulate metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, energy production and utilization, and dNTP synthesis in EC. These redox-regulated processes play critical roles in providing resilience to EC which in turn help protect existing coronary vessels and induce coronary angiogenesis to improve post-MI recovery of cardiac function.

Robotics System Toolbox provides algorithms and hardware connectivity for developing autonomous robotics applications for ground vehicles, manipulators, and humanoid robots. Toolbox algorithms include path planning and path following for differential drive robots, scan matching, obstacle avoidance, and state estimation. For manipulator robots, the system toolbox includes algorithms for inverse kinematics, kinematic constraints, and dynamics using a rigid body tree representation. The system toolbox provides an interface between MATLAB and Simulink and the Robot Operating System (ROS) that enables you to test and verify applications on ROS-enabled robots and robot simulators such as Gazebo. It includes examples showing how to work with virtual robots in Gazebo and with actual ROS-enabled robots. Robotics System Toolbox supports C++ code generation, enabling you to generate a ROS node from a Simulink model and deploy it to a ROS network. Support for Simulink External Mode lets you view signals and change parameters while your deployed model is running. Robotics System Toolbox uses a fixed set of standards for units to ensure consistency across algorithms and applications. Unless specified otherwise, functions and classes in this toolbox represent all values in units based on the International System of Units (SI). In robotics applications, many different coordinate systems can be used to define where robots, sensors, and other objects are located. In general, the location of an object in 3-D space can be specified by position and orientation values. There are multiple posible representations for these values, some of which are specific to certain applications. Translation and rotation are alternative terms for position and orientation. Robotics System Toolbox supports representations that are commonly used in robotics and allows you to convert between them. You can transform between coordinate systems when you apply these representations to 3-D points. These supported representations are detailed below with brief explanations of their usage and numeric equivalent in MATLAB. Each representation has an abbreviation for its name. This is used in the naming of arguments and conversion functions that are supported in this toolbox. Setting up a ROS network allows for communication between different devices. Different participants or nodes all register with a ROS master to share information. The ROS master is unique and each ROS network only has one master. Each node is usually a separate device, although one device can have multiple nodes running. MATLAB acts as one of these nodes when using it to communicate with ROS. All devices must be connected to the same actual or virtual network for ROS connections to work. You can create a new ROS master in MATLAB, or you can connect to an existing ROS master that is running on a different device. If you connect to an external master, you have to know the IP address or hostname of the device. The initial ROS master connection is done by calling rosinit. Data communication is achieved by sending messages using entities called publishers, subscribers, and services. Publishers send data via topic names, which subscribers then receive over the network. Services use clients to request information from a server. The ROS network is a collection of nodes that are all connected to the ROS master. The number of nodes can be quite large depending on your application and devices. When nodes get registered with the master, communication with all other nodes becomes possible. Each node registers different publishers, subscribers, and services on the ROS master to send and receive information between nodes. Even though all nodes in the ROS network are registered with the master, data is exchanged directly between nodes.

Oxygen (O ) appeared in significant amounts in the Earth’s atmosphere over 2. 2 2 billion years ago, largely due to the evolution of photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (Halliwell 2006). The O molecule is a free radical, as it has two impaired electrons 2 that have the same spin quantum number. This spin restriction makes O prefer to 2 accept its electrons one at a time, leading to the generation of the so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS). The chemical nature of these species dictates that they can create damage in cells. This has contributed to the creation of the “oxidative stress” concept; in this view, ROS are unavoidable toxic products of O metabolism and 2 aerobic organisms have evolved antioxidant defences to protect against this tox- ity (Halliwell 1981; Fridovich 1998). Indeed, even in present-day plants, which are full of antioxidants, much of the protein synthetic activity of chloroplasts is used to replace oxidatively damaged D1 and other proteins (Halliwell 2006). Yet, the use of the “oxidative stress” term implies that ROS exert their effects through indiscriminate widespread inactivation of cellular functions. In this context, ROS must not be able to react with lipids, proteins or nucleic acids in order to avoid any damage to vital cellular components. However, genetic evidence has suggested that, in planta, purely physicoche- cal damage may be more limited than previously thought (Foyer and Noctor 2005).

The Post-Dictatorship Generation in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay explores how young adults in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay make sense of the 1970s socialist projects and the ensuing years of repression in their activism, film, and literature.

Presents the proceedings of the May 1996 hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, House of Representatives, on the progress of the peace process in Angola. Includes testimony and prepared statements by: Prudence Bushnell, Deputy Assistant for African Affairs, U.S. Dept. of State; R. Bruce McColm, President, Institute for Democratic Strategies; and Dr. Gerald Bender, Professor of International Relations, University of Southern California.

In the second half of the twentieth century the global theory of minimal surface in flat space had an unexpected and rapid blossoming. Some of the classical problems were solved and new classes of minimal surfaces found. Minimal surfaces are now studied from several different viewpoints using methods and techniques from analysis (real and complex), topology and geometry. In this lecture course, Meeks, Ros and Rosenberg, three of the main architects of the modern edifice, present some of the more recent methods and developments of the theory. The topics include moduli, asymptotic geometry and surfaces of constant mean curvature in the hyperbolic space.