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Nirei and Scheinkman (2021) proposed an equilibrium model of price adjustments with menu-costs with a finite number of firms and derived a "reproduction number" for repricing and a limit functional form for the distribution of the number of simultaneously price-adjusting firms. We show that the distribution of price-changes in data from the Billion Prices Project is well fitted by this functional form and exhibits a reproduction number that is close to unity, indicating that complementarity in price-changes plays a major role in repricings.

The aim of this doctoral thesis was to establish a technique for the analysis of biomolecules with infrared matrix-assisted laser dispersion (IR-MALDI) ion mobility (IM) spectrometry. The main components of the work were the characterization of the IR-MALDI process, the development and characterization of different ion mobility spectrometers, the use of IR-MALDI-IM spectrometry as a robust, standalone spectrometer and the development of a collision cross-section estimation approach for peptides based on molecular dynamics and thermodynamic reweighting. First, the IR-MALDI source was studied with atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry and shadowgraphy. It consisted of a metal capillary, at the tip of which a self-renewing droplet of analyte solution was met by an IR laser beam. A relationship between peak shape, ion desolvation, diffusion and extraction pulse delay time (pulse delay) was established. First order desolvation kinetics were observed and related to peak broadening by diffusion, both influenced by the pulse delay. ...