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We implement a lab-in-the-field experiment with 334 Turkish loan officers to test for the presence of gender discrimination in small business lending. Each officer reviews multiple loan applications in which we randomize the applicant's gender. While unconditional approval rates are the same for male and female applicants, we detect a more subtle form of discrimination. Loan officers are 30 percent more likely to make loan approval conditional on the presence of a guarantor when we present an application as coming from a female instead of a male entrepreneur. This gender discrimination is concentrated among young, inexperienced, and gender-biased loan officers. Discrimination is most pronounced for loans that perform well in real life, making it costly to the bank. Experimental variation in the available applicant information does not impact lending decisions, suggesting that discrimination is implicit rather than statistical.

Tensions between the US and China have escalated as both powers seek to draw countries into their respective political and economic orbits by financing and constructing infrastructure. Wide-ranging and even-handed, this book offers a fresh interpretation of the territorial logic of US–China rivalry, and explores what it means for countries across Eurasia, Africa, and Latin America. The chapters demonstrate that many countries navigate the global infrastructure boom by articulating novel spatial objectives and implementing political and economic reforms. By focusing on people and places worldwide, this book broadens perspectives on the US–China rivalry beyond bipolarity. It is an essential guide to 21st century politics.

Enjoy four new sexy modern romances this New Year!

The Gorgeous Greeks Collection from Mills & Boon

A Way Out gives an unfiltered look into the life and thoughts of a young woman, Michelle, experiencing depression and social anxiety. She shares her experiences in a way that allows others to go along for the ride with her: the highs, the lows, and the amusingly unexpected. Beyond the haunting honesty, A Way Out delivers heart, humour, and hope.

This collection of books highlights cutting-edge research and practice in online and blended learning.