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This book presents recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) imaging and display frameworks, encompassing three categories of 3D imaging and display technologies. The first category is nonphotorealistic 3D approaches based on conventional optical cameras to implement 3D stereoscopic observation of a scene. In the context of nonphotorealistic 3D imaging and reconstruction systems, the authors introduce general principles and also demonstrate camera calibration for 3D imaging, smart cameras, and full-link imaging methods using the optical modulation transfer function to improve imaging quality in conventional cameras. The second category is based on light-ray light field technology to achieve photorealistic 3D imaging and displays. In the context of light-ray light field systems, two approaches capable of light-ray light field 3D imaging by utilizing a camera array or a lens array are demonstrated. Accordingly, light-ray light field display approaches comprising head-mounted displays and integral displays are also introduced. The third category is also photorealistic 3D imaging and display technology, which is based on holography (i.e., diffraction or wavefront light field). In the corresponding holographic displays, the authors introduce 3D holographic displays from three elements: algorithms, devices, and systems, involving fast hologram generation algorithms, wide-viewing-angle display systems, and metasurface holography, etc. Including an investigative roadmap for future progress in optical imaging and 3D display systems, this book is essential reading for scientists and engineers in academia and industry who are interested in next-generation imaging and display concepts for 3D visual sensing systems.

The urban-rural relationship in China is key to a sustainable global future. This book is particularly interested in peri-urbanization in China, the process by which fringe areas of cities develop. Recent institutional change has helped clarify property rights over collective land, facilitating peri-urban area development. Chapters in this book explore how rural industrialization has changed the landscape and rules about land use in peri-urban areas. It looks at the role of rural industrialization and provides a detailed exploration of peri-urbanization theory, policy, and its evolution in China. Leading discussions find out how fragmented bottom-up industrialization, urbanization, and lax governance have led to a series of social and environmental problems. The progress in redevelopment of peri-urban areas was initially slow due to the spatial lock-in effect. This book offers practical solutions to environmental issues and explains how policymakers have the potential to redevelop a future collaborative, inclusive, and sustainable approach to peri-urban areas. This in-depth approach to urbanization will be useful to academics in urban planning and governmental organizations. It will also be advantageous to NGOs and professionals involved in urban planning, public administration, as well as land-use work in China and other developing countries.

This book provides the most recent knowledge on almost all key aspects of the health impact of tobacco smoking. Its 21 chapters focus on both preclinical and clinical studies. The contents are broad, covering the epidemiology of tobacco smoking; genetic epidemiology; identification of susceptibility genomic regions, genes, and pathways as determined by both human and animal studies; evolutionary relations among the different nAChR subunit genes that are so important to the nicotine response; smoking-related diseases; E-cigarettes; and smoking cessation. Furthermore, each chapter includes a detailed and comprehensive list of key references. For both clinical and basic researchers, this book is a valuable resource on nicotine dependence and other addictions.

One of the most complete compendiums on Chinese herbs, this edition covers 130 more herbs, bringing the total to more than 1800 species of Chinese herbs and more than 700 species of related North American herbs. Compiled from scattered sources in the Chinese and Western literature, the book organizes entries by Latin name, followed by the Chinese and English terms as well as the major constituents and therapeutic values for each herb. It then lists North American herbs belonging to the same species or genus as the Chinese counterpart.

This volume discusses education within the context of globalization and examines what is occurring in schools and systems of education in Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Australia, Taiwan and United Kingdom.

Plasmonics stems from the surface charge density oscillations at metal–dielectric interface, leading to extremely strong light–matter interactions. In the past few decades, plasmonics has become one of the most favorite fields/techniques in realizing high-performance photonic devices. For this purpose, different new concepts, such as exploration of different radiation frequency regions, two-dimensional materials/heterostructures, and different types of substrates for the excitation of plasmons have been investigated for plasmonics-based sensors and detectors. This book focuses on the recent and advanced works on optical sensors and detectors utilizing plasmonic techniques for opto-electronic applications. The book is unique as it describes both sensors and detectors based on plasmonics and their practical applications in a single book, a feature not found in any book so far.

This thesis aims to develop a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for the new directions in both silicon carbon (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) epitaxial growth. The properties of the grown epitaxial layers are investigated in detail in order to have a deep understanding. SiC is a promising wide band gap semiconductor material which could be utilized for fabricating high-power and high-frequency devices. 3C-SiC is the only polytype with a cubic structure and has superior physical properties over other common SiC polytypes, such as high hole/electron mobility and low interface trap density with oxide. Due to lack of commercial native substrates, 3C-SiC is mainly grown on the cheap silicon (Si) substrates. However, there’s a large mismatch in both lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficients leading to a high density of defects in the epitaxial layers. In paper 1, the new CVD solution for growing high quality double-position-boundaries free 3C-SiC using on-axis 4H-SiC substrates is presented. Reproducible growth parameters, including temperature, C/Si ratio, ramp-up condition, Si/H2 ratio, N2 addition and pressure, are covered in this study. GaN is another attractive wide band gap semiconductor for power devices and optoelectronic applications. In the GaN-based transistors, carbon is often exploited to dope the buffer layer to be semi-insulating in order to isolate the device active region from the substrate. The conventional way is to use the carbon atoms on the gallium precursor and control the incorporation by tuning the process parameters, e.g. temperature, pressure. However, there’s a risk of obtaining bad morphology and thickness uniformity if the CVD process is not operated in an optimal condition. In addition, carbon source from the graphite insulation and improper coated graphite susceptor may also contribute to the doping in a CVD reactor, which is very difficult to be controlled in a reproducible way. Therefore, in paper 2, intentional carbon doping of (0001) GaN using six hydrocarbon precursors, i.e. methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), propane (C3H8), iso-butane (i-C4H10) and trimethylamine (N(CH3)3), have been explored. In paper 3, propane is chosen for carbon doping when growing the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure on a quarter of 3-inch 4H-SiC wafer. The quality of epitaxial layer and fabricated devices is evaluated. In paper 4, the behaviour of carbon doping using carbon atoms from the gallium precursor, trimethylgallium (Ga(CH3)3), is explained by thermochemical and quantum chemical modelling and compared with the experimental results. GaN is commonly grown on foreign substrates, such as sapphire (Al2O3), Si and SiC, resulting in high stress and high threading dislocation densities. Hence, bulk GaN substrates are preferred for epitaxy. In paper 5, the morphological, structural and luminescence properties of GaN epitaxial layers grown on N-face free-standing GaN substrates are studied since the N-face GaN has advantageous characteristics compared to the Ga-face GaN. In paper 6, time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) technique is used to study the properties of AlGaN/GaN epitaxial layers grown on both Ga-face and N-face free-standing GaN substrates. A PL line located at ~3.41 eV is only emerged on the sample grown on the Ga-face substrate, which is suggested to associate with two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) emission.

Understand and assess the design, delivery, and efficacy of orally administered drugs A practical guide to understanding oral bioavailability, one of the major hurdles in drug development and delivery, Oral Bioavailability: Basic Principles, Advanced Concepts, and Applications is designed to help chemists, biologists, life science researchers, pharmaceutical scientists, pharmacologists, clinicians, and graduate and students become familiar with the fundamentals and practices of the science of oral bioavailability. The difference in rate and extent between a drug taken orally and the actual amount of a drug reaching the circulatory system, oral bioavailability is an essential parameter for determining the efficacy and adverse effects of new and developing medications, as well as finding an optimal dosing regimen. This book provides a much-needed one-stop resource to help readers better understand and appreciate the many facets and complex problems of oral bioavailability, including the basic barriers to oral bioavailability, the methods used to determine relevant parameters, and the challenges of drug delivery. In addition, this comprehensive book discusses biological and physicochemical methods for improving bioavailability, integrates physicochemistry with physiology and molecular biology, and includes several state-of-the-art technologies and approaches Caco-2 cell culture model, MDCK, and other related cell culture models which are used to study the science of oral bioavailability.

Artemisinin-Based and Other Antimalarials: Detailed Account of Studies by Chinese Scientists Who Discovered and Developed Them provides a historical and scientific background of the discovery and development of artemisinin, artemisinin derivatives, combination drugs and related chemicals. It is a historical document, a scientific treatise, and a fascinating description of innovative research on new drug development that is carried out under extremely difficult conditions. The book also includes detailed experiments, physical-chemical procedures, practical methodologies and clinical trials. It is a valuable reference for students and researchers in the fields of scientific history, medicine, pharmaceutical science, chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. - Presents details of all stages of drug development, including in vitro experiment, animal exploratory studies, animal tests for toxicity, safety and efficacy followed by stages I, II, III and IV, safety and efficacy in human volunteers and patients with malaria - Provides many physical-chemical laboratory procedures, such as NMR, MS, HPLC and X-ray diffraction used in drug development - Includes practical methodology of clinical trials from many research centers and countries to demonstrate the importance of this discovery