The Jewish Criterion in Hungary
A compilation of five essays, four of them published previously in slightly different form. Overall, the book discusses Jewish identity in Hungary in the 19th-20th centuries, reflecting on Jews caught between the two poles of assimilation and rejection. Liberals granted rights to the Jews but demanded their adoption of a Hungarian identity, while antisemites saw them as unassimilable and wanted the Jews to leave the country. In the 19th century Jews were often stereotyped as "homo oeconomicus", which had positive connotations for the liberals but highly negative ones for the anti-bourgeois right-wing populists. Antisemitism had political repercussions only after World War I. The Holocaust did not provide a new Jewish identity to replace the fragmented religious one. Identifying Jews by origin has often been a tool of antisemitic propaganda; the same approach also obfuscates complex cases of the identity of many people who were born as Jews, in Hungary, e.g. Miklós Radnóti, Béla Kuhn, and several churchmen. Following are the essays, all of which deal (some more and some less) with the development of antisemitism in Hungary in the 19th-20th centuries (but not with the Holocaust period):