Turning the Tide
"The cliche, lost in translation, suggests that texts decay with each retelling in a new language, losing meaning and artistic purity, but recent work in Translation Theory argues that the divergences in translated texts are not defects. Merging current trends in Translation Theory and Medieval Studies, Turning the Tide reconsiders the Flood narrative of the Old English Genesis A, Exodus, Beowulf and the works of Ælfric of Eynsham. These retellings produced new, legitimate meaning for their Anglo-Saxon audience. The Old English Flood narratives develop Hebraic themes shared by Anglo-Saxon culture such as tribal warfare, genealogy, and blood feuds. However, the physical environments of the Anglo-Saxons and the Hebraic nomads ultimately responsible for Genesis diverge greatly. In translating the Flood into comprehensible terms, the Old English translators transform the physical environment of Genesis into that of Anglo-Saxon England and emphasize the idea of water as divine agent. Effectively, these translations extract the Flood from its desert setting and ground it in Anglo-Saxon lived experience. Chapter 1 examines the ways in which Genesis A transforms the Flood waters by endowing them with features characteristic of Old English oral poetry, including color, battlefield kennings, martial formulas, and agency (the living waves "swallow" multitudes). This translation at once estranges and familiarizes the narrative of obliteration and re-creation by transposing it into a culture long familiar with relentless precipitation and sea-travel. Chapter 2 explores how the Flood informs and repurposes the story of the Hebrews' flight from Egypt in the Old English verse Exodus. In the re-created narrative, the translator describes Moses as an Anglo-Saxon war-lord and the Hebrews as an army of "sea-vikings." Before the parting of the Red Sea, a Hebrew tells the story of the first Flood and Noah, refigured as a sailor. In turn, the Red Sea of Exodus becomes a Flood in miniature used to destroy the Egyptian army. Chapter 3 looks at the suffusing water imagery in Beowulf through the lens of Old English Flood depictions. These traditions allow us to see the connections and crosspollinations between the ocean and Grendel's mere on the one side, and the residual characteristics of the Flood as both agent of God and realm of monsters. Finally, Chapter 4 investigates the traditional Old English poetic depictions of water that surface in ¡lfric's prose translations of the Flood story in his prose Genesis, homilies, and treatises. Through this wide range of adaptations - verse and prose, free and strict - we see that the Old English translations of the Flood were dictated, in part, by the physical surroundings reflected in the language."--Pages vii-viii.