Linus Pauling
Linus Pauling, one of the most important scientists in history, remains the only person to ever capture two unshared Nobel Prizes. He first won the 1954 prize in chemistry for his work on the nature of chemical bonds. This work showed that the way atoms are linked can help explain the structure of different molecules. Pauling's discoveries allowed scientists to calculate the energies that hold atoms together and the angles at which their chemical bonds form. This groundbreaking work paved the way for many later developments in organic chemistry. Pauling's contributions to science also included his pioneering work on the complex molecular structure of proteins. He would also later draw attention for his experiments on the use of vitamin C in treating both cancer and the common cold. Pauling won the Peace Prize in 1962 for his efforts to ban nuclear weapons testing. In 1958, he submitted a petition to the United Nations signed by more than 11,000 scientists from 49 different countries. It helped lead to the signing of a treaty in 1963 banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space. Book jacket.