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The volume contains almost thirty papers by Kazimierz Twardowski (1866-1938), the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School. The papers are published in English for the first time. They stem from the Lvov period, which is often contrasted with the earlier Vienna period of Twardowski's scientific activity. Contrary to received opinion, the editors argue that the Lvov period is just as important as the Vienna period. Indeed, the scope of Twardowski's investigations was much broader and more profound in later years. The papers concern fundamental problems of philosophy: the methods of philosophizing, the boundary of psychology and semiotics, the conceptual apparatus of metaphysics, ethical skepticism, the question of free will and ethical obligation, the aesthetics of music and so on. The systematic considerations are complemented by concise but excellent sketches of the philosophical views of Socrates, Aquinas, Leibniz, Spencer, Nietzsche, and Bergson. Kazimierz Twardowski: Born 1946 in Puchaczów (Poland). A pianist and a philosopher; titular professor of philosophy. He graduated from Music Fryderyk Chopin Music University in Warsaw (Piano Class) and from University of Warsaw (Institute of Philosophy). He is the author of many books on philosophy, logic and their history (among others: Possible Ontologies, Rodopi 1993 [together with Zdzislaw Augustynek]; From the Viewpoint of the Lvov-Warsaw School, Rodopi 2003; Polish Analytical Philosophy. Studies on Its Heritage, Semper 2009; Being and Duty. The Contribution of 20th-Century Polish Thinkers to theory of imperatives and norms; Copernicus Center Press 2013) and a few hundred papers of logical semiotics, methodology, ontology, axiology, and history of Polish philosophy.