Into the Light: Social Norms, Attitudes and Behaviors, and Their Effect on Cambodian Women's Access to Training and Decent Work in the Fishing Sector
Stopping Exploitation through Accessible Services (SEAS) of Change: Into the LightSocial and gender norms, attitudes, and behavior and their effect on Cambodian migrant womenu2019s access to opportunities, training and decent work in the Thai fishing sectorINTRODUCTIONThe Fishing Industry in Thailand is heavily reliant on migrant labor. Fish exports were pegged at 6.6 Billion USD in 2014 and has employed more than 600,000 people, 302,000 of which were registered migrant workers (ILO, 2018). In 2017, the UN Migration Agency estimates over 32 million international migrants to be around 15 and 24 years old. Half of them migrated from developing countries, and majority (36%) came from Asia. Even with this data, little is known about the experiences of young female migrants, who find themselves in the global fishing supply chain. Plan International conducted a study, u201cInto the Light: Young Female Migrant workers in Thailandu2019s Seafood Sector and their access to decent worku201d to:i.tillustrate the socioeconomic situation of Cambodian girls and young women in source communities in Cambodia, and in destination communities and the fishing industry in Thailand; ii.tidentify relevant gender roles, norms and stereotypes that affect young Cambodian womenu2019s decision to migrate, and access education, training and decent work opportunities in both countries; andiii.tprovide programmatic and advocacy recommendations to enhance the economic advancement, and specifically, young womenu2019s access to decent work in the fishing industry. METHODSQualitative data were collected through Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) in source and destination countries. Field research were carried out inRayong and Trat in Thailand where migrants work in the fishing sector, and Prey Veng in Cambodia where nearly half of the migrant respondents came from. Key informants included the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training in Cambodia; volunteers in Thailand; village leaders, NGO and CSO staff and school officials in both countries. RESULTSThe research confirmed that economic migration resulted from the lack of opportunities and the need for supplementary sources of income for the family. In Thailand, women played dual roles as income-provider and caregivers of the family since male family members were at sea and provided income seasonally. In spite of this, women had few opportunities to increase their income in Thailand due to gender stereotypes prevalent in the industry. Women are excluded from offshore and industrial fishing, and were often relegated to after-net activities which comprised of low-paying and informal work. This translated to a lack of recognition of womenu2019s contribution to the industry and family, and consequently, discussions and relevant decision-making processes. In addition, rampant and prevailing norms and biases, gender-based violence and discrimination effectively impedes women from fully participating in formal economic activities in the fishing industry, which exacerbates their vulnerability to exploitation since legal status is exclusively tied to formal work. ADVOCACY IMPACTu2022tIn order to foster an enabling environment for migrant women workers in the fishing supply chain, the following u2018asksu2019 have been recommended for advocacy efforts to focus on: Developing and working with the private sector to drive the business case for investing on women in the fishing sector;u2022tGarnering investments and support for skills development training and the successful transition of young women into formal employment in the fishing sector;u2022tWorking with governments to support and enable young migrant women to obtain legal status in destination countries; andu2022tBuilding the capacity of civil society organizations, communities, and women and men to champion gender equality and challenge prevailing gender norms and stereotypes in the fishing sector.