Making Complementary Agricultural Resources, Technologies, and Services More Gender-Responsive
Rural women in low- and middle-income countries face multiple constraints in accessing and benefiting from essential complementary resources, technologies, and services for agricultural production and participation in the food system. This paper highlights recent thinking around these constraints and how to overcome them. Specifically, we consider complementary factors that allow women to access, retain, and maximally benefit from productive resources such as land, labor, and physical capital. The complementary factors we consider are: (1) networks and social capital resources (e.g., self-help groups, civil society groups, and cooperatives), (2) information and communications technology, (3) technology (e.g., modern agricultural inputs, mechanization, and labor-saving technologies), (4) agricultural extension and advisory services, (5) financial services (e.g., credit, formal savings, and insurance), and (6) social safety nets (e.g., cash transfer programs). We analyze the evolution in women's access to and ability to benefit from these complementary factors over the last decade and describe the potential benefits of reducing constraints and thus closing gaps. We further provide evidence on what has been effective (or not) for doing so. We conclude with policy recommendations.