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This paper reviews economic developments in San Marino during 1990–98. San Marino has enjoyed rapid growth in the 1990s, as the expansion in output has outstripped that experienced in Italy as a whole and the surrounding regions of Emilia–Romagna and the Marche. Real GDP rose by an average of about 10 percent per year in 1992–94 and an estimated 5 percent in 1996 and 1997. Employment rose sharply in the early 1990s before slowing down to an average of 3 percent in 1996–97.

This paper assesses the efficiency of education expenditure in Portugal and delineates a possible agenda for reform. Portugal’s low educational performance has coincided with the highest level of primary and secondary education expenditure to GDP in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), suggesting considerable inefficiency. Empirical results from the application of a nonparametric technique for production frontier estimation (Free Disposable Hull analysis) support this view. Among the reforms that could be considered to raise educational efficiency are the adoption of a goal-oriented management and incentive system; establishment of minimum student/teacher ratios; and an easing of employment and work rules governing public school teachers.

Financial Accounting: An Introduction presents an expansive and up-to-date treatment of an ever-important discipline. Without over-simplifying the subject, Augustine Benedict and Barry Elliott have created a progressive guide to financial accounting which tackles not only the fundamentals, but also includes coverage of new and emerging topics - chief among them IFRS. Comprehensive and rigorous, Financial Accounting encompasses a number of perspectives, ensuring that every aspect of each topic is examined in depth. Starting from the first concepts, the authors proceed to show how issues in financial accounting affect individuals, banking practices, sole traders, partnerships, and limited companies.

The growth in private labels has huge implications for managers on both sides.