This monograph discusses the question of political theology with regard to the ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions of the Esther story. Each of the five versions appears as a separate attempt at early Jewish identity formation in the period between the 4th century BCE and the end of the 1st century CE. This study makes a major contribution to scholarship, especially with regard to the Old Latin version of the Book of Esther, published in an appendix for the first time in German translation.