The Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English

3.3.1 From Predicate Adverb to Sentential Adverb and Pragmatic Marker -- 3.3.2 From Adverb to Adjective -- 3.4 Accounting for the Change -- 3.4.1 Aspects of Unidirectionality -- 3.4.2 Possible Explanations for the Directionality of Changes in Whilom -- 3.4.2.1 Degrammaticalization. -- 3.4.2.2 Lexicalization. -- 3.4.2.3 Word Formation. -- 3.4.2.4 Gradience. -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4 Modern English Only and If Only -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Conjunctive Only in Present-Day English -- 4.2.1 'Adversative' vs. 'Exceptive' Uses -- 4.2.2 Comparison with But That, Except That, and Save That -- 4.2.3 Only as a Pragmatic Marker -- 4.3 The Development of Only -- 4.3.1 The Rise of Conjunctive Uses -- 4.3.2 Grammaticalization -- 4.4 If Only -- 4.4.1 Insubordinated Clauses -- 4.4.2 Development of If Only -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Part II From Clausal Construction to Pragmatic Marker -- 5 Epistemic Parentheticals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 First-Person Epistemic Parentheticals in Present-Day English -- 5.2.1 Epistemic Meaning -- 5.2.2 Subjective Meaning -- 5.2.3 Evidential Meaning -- 5.2.4 Interpersonal Meaning -- 5.3 The History of Epistemic Parentheticals: Review of Previous Studies -- 5.3.1 Excursus on Wierzbicka (2006) -- 5.4 Epistemic Marking in Middle English -- 5.4.1 First-Person Epistemic Parentheticals -- 5.4.2 Epistemic Adverbials -- 5.5 First-Person Epistemic Parentheticals in Chaucer -- 5.5.1 Frequency and Position -- 5.5.2 Contexts of Occurrence in Discourse and Narration -- 5.6 Development of First-Person Epistemic Parentheticals -- 5.6.1 Epistemic Forms in Old English -- 5.6.1.1 Epistemic Adverbials. -- 5.6.1.2 Epistemic Periphrastic Constructions. -- 5.6.1.3 Epistemic Parentheticals. -- 5.6.2 Syntactic Development: From Main Clause to Parenthetical -- 5.6.3 Semantic Development: From Evidential to Epistemic -- 5.6.4 Grammaticalization or Lexicalization?