Die Nachseite der Judenemanzipation

Analyzes the opposition to integration of Jews in German society, especially as a backlash to Napoleonic emancipation. Suggests that the liberals played into the hands of their opponents by proposing that emancipation take place step by step as the Jews showed their worthiness by progressing toward assimilation. Such progress was hindered by the very restrictions for whose removal it was the pre-condition; moreover, it could not be measured or proved. Describes several forms of opposition: ordinances of town councils restricting or denying residence and marriage permits, attempts to expel Jews from cities where they had not resided before the Napoleonic occupation (Bremen and Lübeck), and wishful allusions to physical destruction. In the hate literature Jews were described in derogatory "biological" metaphors. Anti-Jewish riots occurred in 1819 and in the 1830s-40s, mainly caused by fear of economic competition. In the villages religion and superstition played an important role; in the cities there was resentment of Jewish social aspirations.