Pediatric Nutrition Handbook

Introduction: Nutrition Physical Activity and Health: An Office-Based Approach xxix I Feeding the Infant 1 Infant Nutrition and Development of Gastrointestinal Function 3 Development of Gastrointestinal Function 3 Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract 3 Developmental Disorders 4 Development of the Intestinal Epithelium 5 Infant Nutrient Assimilation 6 Dietary Fats 7 Dietary Carbohydrates 10 Dietary Protein 12 Vitamins and Minerals 15 Human Milk 16 Intestinal Microbiota in the Infant 19 2 Breastfeeding 29 Introduction 29 Rates of Breastfeeding in the United States 29 The Evidence to Support Breastfeeding 31 Contraindications to Breastfeeding 39 The Management of Breastfeeding 40 Conclusion 52 3 Formula Feeding of Term Infants 61 General Considerations 61 Rates of Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding 61 Indications for the Use of Infant Formula 62 History of Infant Formula Development 62 Rationale for Development of Current Infant Formulas 63 Available Forms of Infant Formula 64 Infant Formula Labels 64 Safe Preparation of Infant Formula 65 Safe Handling and Storage of Infant Formula 67 Guidelines for Length of Exclusive Formula Feeding and Supplementation With Solid Foods 68 Intact Cow Milk Protein-Based Formulas 69 Soy Formulas 72 Protein Hydrolysate Formulas 74 Other Formulas 76 4 Nutritional Needs of the Preterm Infant 79 Energy Requirements 83 Protein Amount and Type 84 Carbohydrates 85 Minerals 86 Trace Minerals 88 Water-Soluble Vitamins 88 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 91 Energy Density and Water Requirements 93 Human Milk 94 Facilitating Lactation and Human Milk Handling 95 Commercial Formulas for Preterm Infants 96 Methods of Enteral Feeding 97 Parenteral Nutrition 99 Feeding the Preterm Infant After Discharge 102 Conclusion 104 5 Complementary Feeding 113 Introduction 113 Infant Growth and Development Factors 113 Timing of Complementary Foods Introduction: Review of the Evidence on Related Health Outcomes 122