Internet of Things (IoT): Principles and Applications in Engineering

Since the introduction of the Internet by ARPANET forty years ago, the word "Internet" has come to refer to the large category of applications and protocols that are constructed on top of complex and linked computer networks. These networks provide services to billions of users all over the globe in a manner that is available around the clock. Indeed, we are at the beginning of a new age in which ubiquitous communication and connection are no longer a fantasy or a problem. This era is only starting to emerge. Following this, the emphasis has switched toward a seamless integration of people and gadgets in order to combine the physical world with virtual environments that have been created by humans, so building the so-called Internet of Things (IoT) utopia. An examination of this phenomena in further detail shows two essential pillars of the Internet of Things: "Internet" and "Things," both of which need further elaboration. This notation is used to encompass a more general set of entities, such as smart devices, sensors, human beings, and any other object that is aware of its context and is able to communicate with other entities, making it accessible at anytime and anywhere. Although it may appear that every object that is capable of connecting to the Internet will fall into the "Things" category, this notation is used to encompass a more general set of entities. This suggests that there should be no constraints placed on the accessibility of the items, either in terms of time or location. One of the most important requirements of the Internet of Things is ubiquitous connectivity. In order to meet this requirement, applications need to be able to support a wide variety of devices and communication protocols. These devices range from small sensors that are able to detect and report a desired factor to powerful back-end servers that are used for data analysis and knowledge extraction. In order to do this, it is necessary to include mobile devices, edge devices such as routers and smart hubs, and human controllers into the system.