North Korea's Planned Economy and Marketization

 CHAPTER 1: Conventional Planned Economy

 1. Framework of a Planned Economy

 2. Taean Work System & Unified and Detailed Planning

 3. System for Distribution of Food Rations and Other Necessities

CHAPTER 2: Planned Economy after the Economic Crisis

 1. Contraction and Weakening of the Planned Economy

 2. Generalization of Direct Control by the Supreme Leader

 3. Collapse of the Ration Distribution System

CHAPTER 3: Development of North Korea’s Market ization

 1. Conceptual Framework

 2. Economic Crisis of the 1990s and the Arduous March

 3. After the July 1 Economic Management Improvement Measures

 4. Since the Latter Half of the 2000s: Between Restriction and Tolerance of Markets

CHAPTER 4: Development, Status, and Structure of North Korea’s Marketization

 1. Foreign Dependency of Marketization

 2. Rise of Monopolies and Oligopolies & Wealth Disparity due to Collusion Between Government and Businesses

 3. Prolonged Marketization and Its Establishment

 4. Evaluation of Marketization

CHAPTER 5: Characteristics of North Korea’s Dual Economic Structure

 1. Dual Economic Structure with Ambiguous Boundaries

 2. Coexistence of the Planned and Market Economies

 3. Supplementary and Conflicting Relations Between the Planned and Market Economies

 4. The North Korean Government’s Dilemma

CHAPTER 6: Future of North Korea’s Dual Economic Structure

 1. Elements that Spread and Restrain Marketization in North Korea

 2. Future Prospects for Marketization in North Korea